LOW-POWER, LOW-CONNECTIVITY IOT FOR NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN MARITIME AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

This systematic review examines low-power, low-connectivity Internet of Things (IoT) applications in nonformal education for maritime and remote communities. Following PRISMA guidelines, a structured search across Google Scholar and SINTA (2021–2024) identified 52 studies addressing IoT or IoT-like technologies, nonformal learning, and geographically isolated or coastal contexts. Three recurring patterns emerged: (1) offline or intermittently connected IoT systems with minimal energy demand, often supported by solar power; (2) culturally aligned educational content that integrates local languages, livelihoods, and community knowledge; and (3) blended facilitation that combines technological tools with in-person, community-led instruction. While technological feasibility is well demonstrated, evidence of long-term educational impact remains limited. The review highlights the need for sustainable and culturally grounded IoT-enhanced education models, particularly for communities such as the Bajo Tribe in Torosiaje, Gorontalo, where energy scarcity, connectivity barriers, and strong cultural traditions require adaptive, community-centered approaches.